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Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): (Poole, Gallegos & O¡¯Linc, 2000)

• Nondisabled ¨C Norms for the AHFT are included within the manual with scoring tables having comparative norms for the strength and 9-hole-peg test.

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): (Poole, Gallegos & O¡¯Linc, 2000)

• Excellent test-retest reliability for strength measurements (ICC 0.85 ¨C 0.95 except right hand 2-point pinch at 0.57)
• Adequate test-retest reliability for dexterity and applied lifting
• Excellent test-retest reliability for applied dexterity (ICC = 0.72 ¨C 0.95)

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): (Poole, Gallegos & O¡¯Linc, 2000)

Excellent inter-rater reliability for all items (ICC = 0.99 ¨C 1.00)

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): (Poole, Gallegos & O¡¯Linc, 2000)

• Adequate correlation with Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) with AHFT grip and pinch strength sections Pearson r values ranging 0.32 to 0.40
• Adequate to excellent correlation with HAQ for dexterity and applied dexterity sections with Pearson r values ranging 0.46 to 0.73
• Excellent correlation with HAQ for applied strength with lifting with Pearson r values ranging 0.62 to 0.66
• Poor to adequate correlation with Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2) for grip and pinch strength sections with Pearson r values ranging 0.19 to 0.31
• Poor to adequate correlation with AIMS2 for dexterity and applied dexterity sections with Pearson r values ranging 0.20 to 0.49
• Excellent correlation with AIMS2 for applied strength with lifting with Pearson r values ranging 0.66 to 0.69

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): (Brower & Poole, 2004; n = 40; age range 26 ¨C 74 years; mean age 35 years; diagnosed with systemic sclerosis.)

• Adequate to Excellent correlation with strength, applied dexterity and applied strength sections of the AHFT (Spearman rho 0.39 ¨C 0.58) to Duru?z Hand Index.
• Poor correlation with dexterity section of AHFT and Duru?z Hand Index

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): (Poole, Gallegos & O¡¯Linc, 2000)

• Poor correlations for strength and applied strength of the AHFTwith Health Assessment Questionnaire (Pearson¡¯s r -0.40 to -0.30)

• Adequate to Excellent correlation for dexterity and applied dexterity of the AHFT with Health Assessment Questionnaire (Pearson¡¯s r 0.46 ¨C 0.73)
• Poor correlations for strength and applied strength of the AHFT with the physical component of the AIMS2 (Pearson¡¯s r -0.69 to ¨C 0.19)
• Adequate correlation for dexterity and applied dexterity of the AHFT with the physical component of the AIMS2 (Pearson¡¯s r 0.21 ¨C 0.46)

Osteoarthritis: (Backman & Mackie, 1997)

• Excellent test-retest (ICC = range 0.83 to 0.96).

Osteoarthritis: (Backman & Mackie, 1997)

• Excellent Inter-rater reliability (ICC ranging 0.99 to 1.0 for all subtests)

Rheumatoid Arthritis/Osteoarthritis: (Backman & Mackie, 1995; n = 30; mean age 57.5 years (range 28 ¨C 79 years); average time since diagnosis 14.8 years; arthritis affects >2 joints)

• Excellent inter-rater reliability coefficient (Pearson¡¯s r range 0.45 to 0.99) between 6 self-trained raters assessing 30 subjects.

(Backman & Mackie, 1997) concurrent validity with OARS
Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire physical activities of daily living (PADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)

• Adequate to excellent correlation coefficients with PADL ranging 0.40 to 0.69
• Adequate to excellent correlation coefficients with IADL ranging 0.475 to 0.75

Predictive validity (Backman & Mackie, 1997)

• Adequate to excellent predictive validity correlation of the AHFT with the physical activities of daily living (PADL) self-report section of Oars Multidimensional Assessment of Function for performing functional tasks with correlation scores ranging from 0.40 ¨C 0.69.  A correlation suggests a relationship between hand function and predicting tasks in the functional domain.
• Adequate to excellent predictive validity correlation of the AHFT with the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) self-report Oars Multidimensional Assessment of Function section for instrumental tasks with correlation scores ranging 0.467 ¨C 0.75. A correlation suggests a relationship between

(Backman & Mackie, 1997)

• Excellent to Adequate correlation of AHFT with physical activities of daily living (PADL) self-report section of the Oars Multidimensional Assessment of with correlation scores ranging from 0.40 ¨C 0.69

• Excellent to Adequate correlation of AHFT with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) self-report section of the Oars Multidimensional Assessment of Function with correlation scores ranging from 0.467 ¨C 0.75.

(Poole, Lucero, & Mynatt, 2010) n = 40, convenience sample, > 45 years old, diagnosis of osteoarthritis with presence of Heberden¡¯s and/or Bouchard¡¯s nodes

• Excellent correlation with Cochin Hand Function Disability scale (HFDS) (r values s = 0.52 to 0.64) for performance-based items
• Adequate to excellent correlation HFDS for grip strength with r values ranging 0.57 to 0.67
• Poor correlation with HFDS for applied strength (r value 0.12)
• Adequate to excellent correlation with Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) for strength items (rs  value  0.51 ¨C 0.65)
• Poor to adequate correlation with MHQ for pegboard and applied dexterity (r values 0.38 to 0.51)
• Poor correlation with MHQ for applied strength (r value .28)
• Adequate correlation with Dreiser¡¯s Functional Index (DFI) for strength items (r values 0.47 to 0.57)
• Adequate correlation with DFI for dexterity and applied dexterity (r s values 0.44 - 0.46)
• Poor correlation with Dreiser¡¯s Functional Index for applied strength (r value 0.19).

Rheumatoid Arthritis/Osteoarthritis: (Backman & Mackie, 1995)

The AHFT subcategories are scored numerically with norms established using standardized procedures on 400 nondisabled subjects.  Internal consistency established for the dexterity sections with norms determined on 360 nondisabled adult subjects

(Backman & Mackie, 1997)

• Lifting task floor 0 can and 0 volume of water
• Lifting tasks ceiling 12 cans and 2 L water

Rheumatoid arthritis: (Baker & Rogers, 2010; n = 45; age average mid-50s; rheumatoid arthritis > 17 years; diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis; used a computer.)

• Assessment items were transformed into 4 categories with impairment scores of severe, moderate, mild and effective, determined for this study.  No cut off scores were available.

Rheumatoid arthritis: (Baker & Rogers, 2010)

• Total AHFT scores were transformed into four categories for this study.  with impairment scores of severe, moderate, mild, and effective. The scores ranged from 14-56; with higher scores indicating less hand function impairment.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: (Backman, Mackie, & Harris, 1991; n=20; mean age 60.5; average number years post diagnosis 17.9 (SD =13.5 years) )

• Excellent test-retest reliability subscales for strength, applied dexterity and applied strength (ICC range for all subtests = .69 to .95).  No Standard Deviation (SD)
• Adequate test-retest with 9-hole-peg test for dexterity (ICC right hand = .85, ICC for left hand = .53).  No SD

Rheumatoid Arthritis: (Backman, Mackie, & Harris, 1991)

• Excellent Intra-rater reliability (ICC range for all subtests = .89 to 1.0)

Rheumatoid Arthritis/Osteoarthritis: (Backman & Mackie, 1995; n = 30; mean age 57.5 years (range 28 ¨C 79 years); average time since diagnosis 14.8 years; arthritis affects >2 joints)

• Excellent inter-rater reliability coefficient (Pearson¡¯s r range 0.45 to 0.99) between 6 self-trained raters assessing 30 subjects.

(Poole, Cordova, & Bower, 2006; n = 40) concurrent validity with Duru?z Hand Index (DHI).

• Adequate correlation with DHI with r values = 0.36 - 0.54

(Backman, Mackie, & Harris, 1991)

• Excellent correlation between the applied dexterity aggregate score and dexterity scale of the AIMS (ICC = 0.71)
• Poor correlation between all other subgroups of the AHFT and AIMS (ICC ranging 0.01 to 0.24)

Predictive Validity: (Baker & Rogers, 2010)

• Poor to adequate predictive validity correlation with higher scores for the Arthritis Hand Function Test indicate greater function and correlate with faster typing speeds.  Persons semi-partial correlations (keyboard 1 ¨C r2 = 0.29 and keyboard 6 ¨C r2 =0.35)

Convergent validity (Backman, Mackie, & Harris, 1991)

• Excellent correlation for applied dexterity and applied strength of the AHFT and Jebsen Hand Function test for right hand scores (Pearson¡¯s r 0.61 ¨C 0.643 right hand)
• Poor correlation for applied dexterity and applied strength of the AHFT and Jebsen Hand Function Test with left hand scores (Pearson¡¯s r 0.02 - 0.08 left hand)

(Backman, Mackie, & Harris, 1991)

Adequate - Establishes assessment subgroups using standardized assessments for dexterity (9-Hole-Peg test), and strength for gross grip and pinch.  Authors establish a functional activity group for applied dexterity using bilateral tasks.

(Backman, Mackie, & Harris, 1991)

Excellent ¨C At face value the assessment uses standardized assessments for dexterity (9-Hole-Peg test), and strength measurements to add validity to the test.  The authors establish a functional activity group for applied dexterity using bilateral tasks that are routinely performed in a day and established time norms for completion of the tasks by nondisabled participants.

Rheumatoid Arthritis/Osteoarthritis: (Backman & Mackie, 1995)

The AHFT subcategories are scored numerically with norms established using standardized procedures on 400 nondisabled subjects.  Internal consistency established for the dexterity sections with norms determined on 360 nondisabled adult subjects

Healthy: (Grice, Vogel, Le, Mitchell, Muniz, & Vollmer, 2003; n = 703; age 21 ¨C 70+, from a variety of community and institution settings, could read)

Time and standard deviation by age and gender for 9-hole peg test.

Age          N             M-right           M-left           SD right              SD left

21-25      41             16.41             17.53             1.65                     1.73

26-30      32             16.88             17.84             1.89                     2.22

31-35      31             17.54             18.47             2.70                     2.94

36-40      32             17.71             18.62             2.12                     2.30

41-45      30             18.54             18.49             2.88                     2.42

46-50      30             18.35             19.57             2.47                     2.69

51-55      25             18.93             19.84             2.37                     3.10

56-60      25             20.90             21.64             4.55                     3.39

61-65      24             20.87             21.60             3.50                     2.98

66-70      14             21.23             22.29             3.29                     3.71

71+          25             25.79             25.95             5.60                    4.54

All male   314          18.99            19.79              3.91                    3.66

21-25           43          16.04                17.21                1.82             1.55

26-30           33          15.90                16.97                1.91             1.77

31-35           32          16.69                17.47                1.70             2.13

36-40           35          16.74                18.16                1.95             2.08

41-45           37          16.54                17.64                2.14             2.06

46-50           45          17.36                17.96                2.01             2.30

51-55           42           17.38               18.92                1.88             2.29

56-60           31           17.86               19.48                2.39             3.26

61-65           29           18.99               20.33                2.18             2.76

66-70           31           19.90               21.44                3.15             3.97

71+              31            22.49               24.11                6.02             5.66

Healthy Adults: (Backman, Cork, Gibson, & Parsons, 1992; N = 395 adults, age range 20-79). Relationship between 9-hole-peg test and applied dexterity section of the AHFT.

• Poor to Adequate concurrent validity with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.32 ¨C 0.60. Significant correlation coefficients for pegboard dexterity and applied dexterity at p< 0.01